Pressure sensors vary considerably in their design technology used, performance and application.  Pressure sensors often can be referred to as pressure transducers, pressure transmitters, pressure indicators or pressure switches – are used to measure the pressure of gases and liquids (fluids).
Pressure is an expression of the force and is normally stated in terms of force per unit area. A pressure sensor will generate an electrical signal relating to the pressure imposed. This signal is either analogue or digital in more modern designs, although optical, visual and auditory signals are also common.
Pressure sensors, basics of pressure measurement
Industrial pressure transducers normally have a diaphragm type design that uses strain gauges, which are either bonded to, or diffused into it, with the strain gauges acting as resistive elements. Under the pressure-induced strain, the resistive values change. In capacitive technology, the pressure diaphragm is a single plate of a capacitor that changes its value under pressure-induced displacement. These are probably the most common technologies used in industrial applications for their favourable price/performance ratio.
Pressure is measured against a reference, which greatly depends on the application and installation of the sensor. Depending on the relevant pressure, the term ‘absolute’ is used when the reference is vacuum; ‘gauge’ is used where the reference is atmospheric pressure; and ‘differential’ is used where the sensor has two ports for the measurement of two different pressures.
Pressure sensors are used in a wide variety of applications for control and monitoring purposes. Pressure sensors can also be used to indirectly measure other variables such as liquid or gas flow (in conjunction with an orifice plate), speed, fluid level and also altitude.
Due to the wide range of technologies available, pressure sensors vary considerably in their design, performance, application and cost. Every technology has its own benefits and reasons for selection within an application.
When used directly to measure pressure, applications include meteorology instrumentation, aerospace and defence, research and development, automotive and other machinery or equipment that has pressure functionality implemented. Other applications for pressure sensors include hydraulic and pneumatic systems, water depth, offshore & marine, waste water & sewage, oil & gas exploration, nuclear, medical, food and beverage processing, tank level/contents, HVAC systems, agricultural equipment, environmental monitoring and chemical & processing plants.
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